Nūhou

He metala makamae ke gula. Nui ka poʻe e kūʻai mai ia mea no ka mālama ʻana a mahalo i kona waiwai. Akā ʻo ka mea e hopohopo nei, ʻo ka ʻike ʻana o kekahi poʻe i kā lākou mau pahu gula a i ʻole nā ​​​​dālā gula hoʻomanaʻo i ʻāhewa ʻia.

ʻAʻole e pala ke gula maʻemaʻe

Hoʻopili ka hapa nui o nā metala me ka oxygen e hana i nā oxide metala, i kapa ʻia mākou he ʻōpala. Akā, ma ke ʻano he metala makamae, ʻaʻole ʻōpala ke gula. No ke aha mai? He nīnau hoihoi kēia. Pono mākou e hoʻonā i ka mea pohihihi mai nā waiwai kumu o ke gula.

Ma ke kemika, ʻo ka hopena oxidation he kaʻina hana kemika kahi e nalowale ai kekahi mea i nā electrons a lilo i ion maikaʻi. Ma muli o ke kiʻekiʻe o ka oxygen ma ke ʻano, maʻalahi ka loaʻa ʻana o nā electrons mai nā mea ʻē aʻe e hana i nā oxides. No laila, kapa mākou i kēia kaʻina hana oxidation reaction. He ʻokoʻa ka hiki o ka oxygen ke loaʻa i nā electrons, akā ʻokoʻa ka hiki o kēlā me kēia mea e nalowale nā ​​electrons, e pili ana i ka ikehu ionization o nā electrons o waho o ka mea.

ʻO ke ʻano atomika gula

He ikaika ko ke gula. Ma ke ʻano he metala hoʻololi, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o kona ikehu ionization mua me 890.1kj/mol, ʻelua wale nō i ka mercury (1007.1kj/mol) ma kona ʻākau. ʻO ia ke ʻano he paʻakikī loa i ka oxygen ke hopu i kahi electron mai ke gula. ʻAʻole wale ke gula i ka ikehu ionization kiʻekiʻe ma mua o nā metala ʻē aʻe, akā he kiʻekiʻe hoʻi ka atomization enthalpy ma muli o nā electrons i hoʻopaʻa ʻole ʻia i kāna orbit 6S. ʻO ka atomization enthalpy o ke gula he 368kj / mol (mercury wale nō 64kj / mol), ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻoi aku ka ikaika o ke gula metala, a ua huki ikaika ʻia nā ʻātoma gula i kekahi i kekahi, ʻoiai ʻaʻole ikaika nā ʻātoma mercury i kekahi, no laila. ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o ka wili ʻia e nā ʻātoma ʻē aʻe.